Coping with Climate Crisis : Mitigation Policies and Global Coordination

This book was published in 2018, and is a very interesting look into the momentum created at COP21 and COP22, which drove today's international effort to tackle climate change with foresightful policy and planning.
The book is designed to "synthesize" key economic research. It lives up to its claim of being "user-friendly" both for "policy-makers and scholars," opening with a forward written by Nizar Baraka, the President of the Scientific Committee of COP22. Baraka's forward is much like a retrospective already. He composes looking towards the future, examining not only progress thus far, but changes that came to ensure more effective decision-making in the process.
Remarks Baraka, “we are living today through a period of great changes toward a new world order, triggered by a profound technological shift that impacts the very way we live, (this) transforms radically our economic models as much as our mobilization and communication capabilities."
Suggesting that Kyoto failed because the top-down approach was not effective, the introduction to the book remarks that COP21 was considerably better because the approach changed and with that change came as well a change in tactic.
“The Paris Agreement is built on a bottom-up approach which includes all major actors, not just national governments...The approach taken with the implementation of the Paris Agreement is one of community rather than legal enforcement.” These thoughts on the shift in decision-making conclude, "this bottom-up approach is inevitably less coherent, but more realistic as it leverages the power of civil society and business.” The editors also remark that as a result newcomers may be surprised by “how seriously public and private organizations are taking global climate risks and are planning for the future."
For perspective, the book is edited by Rabah Arezki, Cheif Economist of the World Bank's Middle East and North African Region, Patrick Bolton, Managing Editor of The Journal of the European Economic Association, Karim El Aynaoui, Managing Director at the Policy Centre for the New South, and Maurice Obstfeld, former Chief Economist at the International MonetaryFund. It is structured into four major topics. Philip Benoit of the International Energy Agency opens topic one, "Reducing Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions To Meet Our Climate Goals" by providing key steps required to reduce CO2 in keeping with the Paris Accord. Benoit describes the two keys: delinking GDP from Energy Supply and Decarbonizing that Energy Supply. GDP has always been driven by increased GHG emissions. Replacing fossil fuel, electricity is at the centre of low-carbon transition, while coal is the elephant in the room, so much so that it can hide the issues around gas which also creates environmental challenges. Remarks Benoit, “coal power generation produces over 9 Gt of CO2 emissions, larger by itself than the combined energy emissions of the United States and the European Union (EU); but coal-fired power plants also provide about 10,000TWh, powering businesses, households, and social services worldwide.” Benoit's assessment of the "energy landscape" is followed by Rick van der Ploeg writing on "Transitional Risks and the Safe Carbon Budget," which differs from other models of "optimal" carbon pricing. He wants to remove all fossil fuel subsidies and incentivize firms to stop using coal and gas.
The second major topic is called "Getting The Price of Carbon Right" which includes "implications of uncertainty around the pace of global warming and tipping points," and includes extremely useful input which functions from an "avoid the worst-case scenario" approach. The third major topic, Climate Agreements, addresses enforcement. The authors remark that enforcement typically involves the questions of "reputation, accountability, and sanctions." They make note that Trump's attempt to withdraw the US from the Paris Accord, rather than defeating the process, surprisingly caused additional resolve on the part of many American mayors and state governors to carry on with their Paris Accord commitments.
The fourth major topic in the book is that of Financial and Sustainable Infrastructure. Financial markets can play a major role in creating incentives for a low-carbon transition. However, financial markets cannot do it alone. It is individual governments that need to take on the role of pushing for complete carbon footprint disclosure, at times offering limited guarantees and taking on risks financial markets are not able to hold. Here the book examines the role of financial markets in accelerating the energy transition and financing sustainable infrastructure. For many developing countries, financial aid to ensure clean technology imports and participation in the energy transition will be inevitable. However, the authors remark that such aid could then offset the costs associated with the process of removing carbon subsidies and levying carbon taxes.
As per the forward written by the President of the Scientific Committee of COP22, the book describes a radical paradigm shift, one that will support us as we moving rapidly forward towards solutions. If you are fond of economic theory, this book is a collection of excellent contributions from top theorists and “economic practitioners” developing real plans to fund energy transition and safeguard the climate for future generations.

Arezki, R., Bolton, P., Aynaoui, K. E., & Obstfeld, M. (2018). Coping with the Climate Crisis Mitigation Policies and Global Coordination. Columbia University Press.

Whales and Elephants

Whales and Elephants in International Conservation Law and Politics: A Comparative Study

Ed Couzens specializes in water security and international wildlife law and is an Associate Professor at the University of Sydney, NSW, where he has dedicated himself to Environmental causes. He has been the editor of two dozen books involving environmental law and threatened species, and has written chapters in over 21 environmental and conservationist-themed books on a broad range of topics. His work has appeared in over two dozen journals. At present, 19 examples of his research papers appear published on researchgate.
To begin, both Whales and Elephants are somewhat emblemic animals of the conservation movement. Couzens explores the history of their conservation in this fascinating read, as well as creating detailed comparisons of their treatments and the history of international governance involving their protection. Both species arguably play keystone or super-keystone roles in their environments. Both would be considered especially intelligent and sensitive. As well, to quote Couzens, "both have experienced near-catastrophic population declines due to overuse by humans and both have come, over time, to be given relatively stringent protection in international law."
In Whales and Elephants, Couzens introduces CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, discussing how it impacts wildlife flora and fauna. He also introduces ICRW, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. He then quite deftly explains why both these treaties are inadequate in protecting the two large mammal species in question.
His book also explains how both these species have reached a similar point "within International law, despite these species having inherently different status either as free-for-taking (whales) or as falling into the dominion of states (elephants)." Couzens demonstrates here that both these major treaties that seem intended to cover the security of these species are currently inadequate instead. In particular, both treaties fail to consider the ecosystems in which the species live. Other features render them not strong enough for states to generate adequate protection. Remarks Couzens, "the world needs to move away from managing and/or protecting species in isolation and to move towards understanding, managing and protecting species within their ecosystems in a holistic fashion." Other features render current treaties not strong enough for states to generate adequate protection. Both conservationists, (sustainable use) and proponents of preservation (near-complete protection) agree the treaties are inadequate. Couzens proposes instead a multilateral environmental agreements used together synergistically, offering a convincing argument throughout the course of the book.
The rest of the book outlines solutions and discusses the alliances and work done in the past around such delicate things as the ivory trade and whaling. It is an interesting voyage into the world of diplomacy and environmental law negotiations and treaties in general. Fascinating politics and an interesting read (with a few star players and unsung heroes along the way) the fresh approach Couzens proposes is argued convincingly as he takes us through the complex interconnected ecosystems involved in the protection of Whales and Elelphants. Recommended.

Couzens, E. (2016). Whales and elephants in International Conservation Law and Politics: A Comparative Study. Routledge.

The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy

The End of Ownership Personal Property in the Digital Economy by Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz. Both Professors of Law, the co-authors choose open this book with a reflection upon George Orwell's 1984, where all literature is cast into a "memory hole" leading to an incinerator by the Ministry of Truth.

The opening chapter then remarks that, ironically, in a dispute with a publisher, Amazon recently deleted versions of 1984 on Kindle and sent refunds to their purchasers. While with printed books, a bookstore cannot enter your home and erase your bookshelves, in a digital world they can, because a digital copy is not necessarily owned in the same way a printed copy of a book is owned like other possessions in your life. "The 1984 incident is hardly the only case of readers losing access to their purchases."

This timely work demonstrates that our rights in media goods are unstable and insecure. While we experience convenience through digital downloads and cloud storage, to name only a few services, we give up other forms of control on a level that must be held to the light. Their are benefits in digital technologies. Where people have suffered in the past and lost irreplacable work, the impossible backup is now acheivable. We now have a choice between permanent ownership and possibly temporary access, an arrangement which could in some ways can help us better organize our ideas. Here the authors set out gallantly to examine and address the consequences. So we have had a social shift from ownership to licensing. We can't resell something we don't own. But what if it is your own intellectual forays or your own copywritten work? Again evoking shades of Orwell, the book asks: Who owns you? Surveillance of consumer behaviour today also means purchases of previously banned material can be tracked as they were never before. How is our privacy being reframed? It was not possible in the past to track banned books moving through a used bookstore. Are we not now forgoing essential human rights?

The book posits that digital economy has indeed created a tectonic shift in our society, as the concept of property ownership itself is changing and has become more nuanced. The exclusion of other individuals from the sharing of a land, a mineral rights to land and so on has always been a theme amongst thinkers examining the rights of the worker. So I found it interesting that on page 22, the authors evoke John Locke who defined property as "a natural right that arises from labor." Hegel makes an appearance as well, remarking that property "is necessary for individual self-actualization. Unless we can exert control over objects of the world, we cannot express our will, achieve our goal, or thrive as individuals."

The next chapters then wade deeply into the murky waters of copyright and it does so fairly impressively. Describing many famous recent disputes in the realm of "copies, clouds and streams" the authors help us see just how vast the amount of fine print consumers are not reading really is. One of the more famous of these, remarks the authors, was "when Google initially released its Chrome browser, the license read in part, "you give Google a perpetual, irrevocable, worldwide, royalty free, and non-exclusive license to reproduce, adapt, modify, translate, publish, publicly perform, publicly display and distribute any content which you submit, post or display on and through (Googles products, software services and web sites.)" Such a license would mean Google could publish every email you send, every photo you share, and every password you had ever entered using Chrome. Only after considerable outcry did Google update the license to clarify that users "retain copyright to the content they generate."

This is a thorough and timely book. I'm so glad I'm giving it a read. After versing its readers in the stories behind these famous and culture-shaking digital cases, the authors even tackle the "promise and perils of digital libraries." Explored among other questions is the idea of "libraries without collections" and a chapter later, "the internet of things you don't own." Then, with possibly the eeriest example in the book, chapter 8 describes the Mattel 'Hello Barbie' talking doll through ToyTalk app, a cloud based service with fine print that reveals their toy "transcribes and stores...recordings and speech data...including your voice and likeness as captured therein, to provide and maintain the ToyTalk app, to develop tune enhance or improve speech recognition..." In other words, the authors conclude, everything you may say to Barbie can and will be recorded for all time.

The authors conclude on a positive note, but emphasize that personal vigilance must always be switched to "on" in the digital world, while legally defining ownership applicable to digital goods is "a task that can't be put off any longer." They also remark, we should be alert to the moments when "everyday objects are being replaced or supplemented by information," as this digital economy hold great promise but also great risks. Essentially the book is a well-crafted wake up call designed to verse us in the history of progress acheived in the past around labour and personal property, so that as we enter an era celebrated for its freeing convenience, interconnectivty and availability of information, we are not mindlessly underestimating the value of ownership as, in any society, "the loss of ownership puts us all at risk of exploitation."

Perzanowski, A., & Schultz, J. (2018). The end of ownership personal property in the Digital Economy. The MIT Press.

The Reconciliation Manifesto: Recovering the Land, Rebuilding the Economy by Art Manuel

This is Art Manuel's second book in collaboration with Grand Chief Ronald Derrickson. The first book, Unsettling Canada: A National Wake-up Call, is an excellent companion to this follow-up and an indespensible read in itself. This celebrated sequel includes an introduction and afterword by Grand Chief Ronald Derrickson, as well as a preface by Naomi Klein spoken at Art Manuel's funeral, in which she expresses her profound respect for him as a “savvy tactician,” as well as a “true visionary,” whose work helped so many “to understand how indigenous land rights, if truly respected, hold tremendous power to create a more caring and generous society- and they are our only hope of protecting the planet from ecocide.”

The book is a well-structured work, educational and accessible. It has a coherent, well-thought out style that makes sense of very tough material, in particular the chronology of systematic legislation and the oppression of First Nations people since confederation and before. Art Manuel was a fighter for indigenous self-determination for his entire life, as was his father before him, George Manuel, and the book is loaded with helpful guidance towards a future of decolonized prosperity.

With a complete versing in UNDRIP, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, and as it is his job to be a critic, he spares no one his razor-sharp wit. At the time of writing he had an extremely cynical view of Justin Trudeau's approach, interpreting it as yet another twist in a pattern of doublespeak that creates false hope.

In particular, the book takes us on an interesting exploration of the White Paper, lest we forget, that is unforgettable but also grim and sobering. “Canada's unwillingness then and now to change comprehensive land claims and self-government policies, both of which demand that we surrender our Aboriginal title and rights, indicate that Canada accepts no fundamental change to be made to our impoverishment. Administering to Indigenous peoples through the dependency programs is an expenditure to maintain Canada and the provinces' 99.8 per cent control of our Aboriginal and treaty territories.”

He talks about new negotiations that offered non-committal agreements for FN land claims, but introduced a prerequisite of first extinguishing any existing arrangements and rights. In other words, contemptuous wordplay to further draw FN leaders towards legal quicksand. Remarks Manual, “but by this time, the UN was watching. After 1975, the UN said to Canada, 'You cannot ask indigenous people to extinguish their title as part of a land settlement agreement.' No people in world has the right to demand another people surrender their land to them. So Canada had to figure out how to meet the UN requirement and still get control of our land.”

My favourite chapter was chapter ten, “Changing Legal and Policy Landscape – 1984-2014” which is written with Art Manuel's typical dry wit. “We can see from the table below that the shape of these agreements are not really negotiated (in the usual sense of two parties sitting down and going through give and take) at all. The chapter then actually supplies a “Cookie cutter agreement” chart which, although wittily named, is undeniably accurate and damning in its presentation. He explains the Nisgaa court challenges, remarking, “the bureaucrats seemed have provided an endless stream of euphemisms and Orwellian distortions for what they are actually doing. One of the more recent was the “modified rights” model. According to this model, Indigenous people would be forced to “modify” their rights so they no longer included what we understood as Aboriginal title. They don't extinguish our title out of existence, instead they modify it out of existence.”

Explains Manuel, “it can all get very confusing, especially when you're trying to explain this to grassroots people, who use language with integrity.” Addressing the non-existent change in what are touted to the public as new policies, Manuel comments, “in a staggering case of déjà vu , the 2012 policy followed the broad lines of the White Paper policy of 1969. And the new Trudeau government simply adopted the 2012 Harper policy, which in fact was based on Liberal strategies going back to 1973 when the Supreme court initially kicked the can of Indigenous rights in the direction of the government.”

In Chapter eleven, Tsilhqot'in Case and Crown Title, Manuel describes how “the Tsilhqot'in decision was delivered on June 26, 2014, and it picked up where Delgamuukw left off with the first ever declaration of Aboriginal title on the ground in Canadian history. By granting this powerful remedy and recognizing the existence of Aboriginal title over a two thousand square kilometre section of Tsilhqot'in territory, the court has shown that extinguishment is far from the only option in Canada.”

Yes, extinguishment is the opposite of thriving and for the land to thrive is the answer, but the shell game of half-truths and deception that has dominated Canada's approach to First Nations rights has got to end. Read this book, it's an inspirational, direct guidebook and Manuel will reset your thinking in a way that is refreshing and empowering at once. Then, after you have read it, take the appropriate action in your own life to apply his visionary teachings to the work that needs to be done.

Manuel, A., Derrickson, R. M., & Klein, N. (2018). The Reconciliation Manifesto: Recovering the land, rebuilding the economy. James Lorimer.

Confessions of a Rogue Nuclear Regulator

Jaczko's book is intended to take readers on a hair-raising journey through his very turbulent term as chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Jaczko was given the position in 2009 by Obama, and Jaczko was in charge at the time of the 2011 Fukushima disaster in Japan, an event which his critics say caused a crisis in his leadership, resulting in extensive conduct criticisms and Jaczko's ultimate resignation in 2012. To call himself rogue, in light of of some of the allegations against Jaczko, while at least self-reflective, may be an understatement. Jaczko was notorious for his hotheadedness, and was actually investigated for 15 episodes of leadership behaviour that caused emotional distress in his staff. In simpler terms, his leadership style alienated many. As a result, Jaczko is highly controversial and the book is considered by many to be an reputational recovery attempt for a damaged public image after his resignation, while at the same time there clearly are threads of well-meaning and good intention in Jaczko's narrative. This redemptive aspect occurs particularly regarding his opposition to the current state of domestic nuclear waste disposal and his exposeé of certain NRC tendencies that require public scrutiny. The book does succeed I think, in its intention, demonstrating that Jazcko was deeply frustrated by biased-to-corrupt decision-making structures at the NRC.
The book was released only a few months before Charles Casto, the nuclear safety expert in charge of the government's response to the 2011 nuclear accident at Fukushima, published Station Blackout: Inside the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster and Recovery. In it, Casto claims that he and his team were denied critical resources by Jaczko. Analysis of the Fukushima emergency evacuation have determined that a number of evacuees perished in the post-accident panic (including hospital evacuees) who would have survived if the level of immediate radiation had been properly assessed, a missing assessment feature that potentially could have been met had former NRC chairman Jaczko come through with staff and other resources in a timely manner. In a review by Michelle Shellenberg of Forbes Magazine, who also wrote a Washington Post review of Jaczko's Confessions of a Nuclear Rogue, Shellenberg remarks, "Casto's testimony is troubling because he is the rare NRC official who Jaczko singles out for praise in his book." Indeed this is the case, as in the book, Jaczko refers to Casto as "the lead NRC expert in Japan," and "my most trusted advisor there." Reviewing the book within the light of these newest allegations is difficult, and yet the story of Jaczko's tenure as chair of the NRC has some features that will withstand the test of time as a helpful insider chronicle of a specific period of history.
If anything this book reminds us of the human frailty involved in nuclear power generation and nuclear waste disposal, and why so many resist the idea of nuclear power in its current state, with the massively problematic byproduct of tons of radioactive waste no one wants to store. To Jaczko's credit, he was well-informed when it came to the issue of the storing of nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain, and writes an insider view of the situation at Yucca Mountain.
Jaczko's opposition to storing nuclear waste at what is essentially a site sacred to the Western Shoshone, and a place with questionable geological studies regarding its stability, is part of what Jaczko credits as his ultimate downfall, after what Jaczko considered a "coup" by fellow commissioners who complained about his conduct on a number of levels, resulting in his resignation in 2012. His opinion that these site choices are based largely on political rather than geological features is seconded by many particularly in Nevada, which has no nuclear power plants yet is intended to contain a vast amount of nuclear waste at Yucca. The Yucca Mountain choice, opposed by Obama among others for reasons the author details well, including that it failed to meet the original geographic criteria, and is easily penetrated by water that can easily carry radiation elsewhere, something the Western Shoshone believe as well.
Jaczko fights back with the publication of a book intended to expose how the nuclear industry endangers lives, as well as expressing his own impressions regarding backroom goings-on and why congress does nothing to stop it. Beginning with how he ended up in Washington, Confessions of a Rogue Nuclear Regulator quickly moves to a well-constructed chapter on the history of nuclear accidents, called “Forget and Repeat,” and arrives at "The Burning Issue: The Battle to Prevent Nuclear Fires." In reading the book I learned that fire is one of the biggest hazards in a nuclear plant, one which Jaczko believes is addressed with inadequate planning.
Jaczko's other insider knowledge include some interesting discussion of the Fukushima disaster, which ironically, like many stations, does not use its own power that it has generated to power safety systems but relies instead on a back-up system, so a big problem was loss of off-site power, considered the worst scenario. Nuclear plants have massive diesel engines on-site, but in the case of Fukushima, these had been damaged by the quake. The author describes his personal role in this frightening moment in the history of nuclear power, and here, in particular, it's difficult to see Jaczko as exclusively the raging management failure others portray, while easy to see him as a human mantled with a very difficult task and inadequate support. As someone who saw a need for US power plant and waste disposal safety, and attempted to change it from within, it's too bad things became so out-of-control that he was ultimately seen as making the situation worse. Fascinating and fast-paced, given the issues at hand and the immediate questions surrounding the future of power generation, this book reads like a spy thriller only real life.

Jaczko, G. B. (2020). Confessions of a rogue nuclear regulator. Simon & Schuster.

Living in a Low-Carbon Society in 2050

 
Editor Horace Herring is a UK researcher who has been contributing to the scientific world through the study of energy efficiency to mitigate climate change in articles and research dating back to an alternative energy directory published in 1978. Herring was one of the first environmental writers to add extensive modelling and data challenging the early idea that energy efficiency measures will somehow reduce consumer patterns of increasing energy consumption. His articles and books include extensive consumer surveys on the adoption of low to zero-carbon energy technologies and the workability of domestic energy efficiency measures. His 2005 book "From Energy Dreams to Nuclear Nightmares: Lessons from the Anti-nuclear Power Movement in the 1970s" does not discard nuclear power as a technology but believes there are complex social reasons why public opposition to nuclear power generation is so prevalent.
This 2012 book edited by Herring is a series of essays broken into policy, case studies and stories. The book opens with the comment that there are millions of people already low-carbon lifestyle i.e. the world's poor, and that they would love to join the carbon-intensive society, making the need for solutions all the more dire.
the policy section is represented by the essay work of Stephen Peake, who is a lecturer in Environment for the Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, at The Open University. The other policy writer in this section is Nicola Hole (Geography, University of Exeter). Together they create an interesting section that addresses the weakness in policy that targets behaviour change. While this has an important element to it, they advise that it is more worthwhile to deconstruct the layers of influence “bound up in the current energy system.” This is interesting, because it echoes what other writers have remarked, that energy tensions involve governance, and that technologies that widen democratic power can encounter competing agendas with big energy corporations who profit from controlling the power consumption of the public.
It also casts a more democratic light on Herring's introspection of nuclear power opposition, clarifying the fact that decentralized energy generation may reorder the current political and social power relations and bring into question what sort of democracy marginalizes the poor and limits their access to energy in the future. Further on this topic and following the policy section, the question “What is the Carbon footprint of a decent life?” is examined by Angela Druckman and Tim Jackson, who directly addresses the need for cultural and behavioural change as challenged by Peake and Hole. The article references a raft of sources from the UK's massive "un-consumer" movement, "downshifting" for happiness and the need to radically change household consumption of carbon as well as to shorten the workweek.
The case studies in this book are more interesting yet, and really the best part of the book. Robin Roy, Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering at The Open University examines eco-renovation in existing homes, and explores consumer product innovations and sustainable design ideas coming soon to an Ikea near you. Swiss sustainablity expert Bastien Girod PhD. Msc, compares Switzerland to other EU countries in an essay titled Low Carbon Society in Switzerland. Girod relies on surveys of tens of thousands of homes and his ideas have helped generate consumer-oriented climate policy in many places.
A useful book, Living in a Low-Carbon Society in 2050 is like a sneak-peek into how policies are formed around social movements, and how society, in general, will be forced to adapt to the demand to reduce GHG through policy. It's also an optimistic note of how some of those adaptions will benefit the evolution of a more egalitarian planet along the way.
While the book does not claim consumer behaviour is the only change required, it's a particularly interesting look into shifting consumer behaviour. Finally, it is an excellent policy toolkit of ideas for retrofitting our world to cope with climate change, policies which construct a more decentralized democracy at the same time.

Palgrave Macmillan. (2014). Living in a low-carbon society in 2050.

The Fish Market: Inside the Big-Money Battle for the Ocean and Your Dinner Plate

Remarkably determined to get the true story, Journalist Lee Van Der Voo goes aboard fishing vessels “from Alaska to Maine" to tell the story of the everyday fisherman and the challenges they are up against when faced with corporate fishing. It soon becomes clear that fisherpeople have been abandoned in this era of “ocean privatization," an age when now more than half of America's seafood is under private control. Van Der Loo examines the “sustainable seafood movement” and why corporations have taken control of it, betraying small fishermen in the process.

In Chapter One, titled "Bering Sea: Monsanto on the Ocean" she bravely goes aboard a fishing ship to see what the workers onboard experience day-to-day. The book is very human, and introduces us to actual people, presenting their lives working twelve hour days onboard a vessel, "confined to the factory, their quarters, or a few common areas." There is however, an effort to keep this industry on a leash, but the efforts are environmental, rather than focused on worker rights. The main tool in the environmental fight are marine biologists who also toil on the boats, working to determine if the catch can be termed environmentally sustainable. Meanwhile, many of these ships have slave-like conditions where one finds the workers in states of dangerous indentureship, with long hours of overwork where workers are often maimed. It is also known on large factory ships for workers to deliberately self-maim in order to escape the ship, certainly something few people think of when preparing a fish for the dinner plate.

Van Der Loo's conversations with the marine bioligist are extremely interesting. The expectations placed upon him to monitor thousands of tonnes of catch are very high. Marine mammals can be caught by mistake and killed in the fishing factory machinery, something he is supposed to tally, among a number of other duties in monitoring onboard the boat.

"Everyone who handles pollock, on these trawl boats and elesewhere, is certified to a chain of custody so that no imposters creep in. There are also audits and scientific assessments and third-party overseers. The task of satisfying them is not easy."

One of the things we continually glean through Van Der Loo's journalistic exploration of factory ship life is that the workers on these large vessels are often in peril and in need of human right monitoring. Observes Van Der Loo, "they are helpless to leave without severe financial penalites," hence the stories of desperation and self-maiming.

She also talks about corporate control over the industry, "and this is where we have arrived in American seafood: at this union of privatization and conservation." With catch-share arrangments becoming more sophisticated, there is at times a battlefield in fishing, so that Van Der Loo also found not everyone was willing to speak on the record. There are quota-control wars between co-operatives and corporations.

However, each chapter in this book explores the real life of an American fisherman Van Der Loo has met whi agreed to tell their story to the world. As a result the book is a series of encounters, readable and interesting. Van Der Loo aims to bring home the personal impacts created by privatized fishing in this series of highly poignant personal stories of fishermen and businessmen dreaming big. She writes in a tough-talk journalistic style with detailed settings and background. In one particularly poignant essay, she describes a fisherperson and their often dangerous work.

"Harvey works by tungsten light in the night, a long line of rope rising up from the water through the bait-shed door, machines pulling it along beside him. Hook after hook of sablefish comes with it. And Harvey is hitting each one with a gaffe- a kind of metal hook- lifting them on board and into a hauling chute.”

Detailed sources at the close of the book regarding everything from fishery death statistics to content of fish sandwiches to job loss to interviews with fishermen, this book includes interviews with Alaskan First Nations clans, historical details about areas, police records, stories of the work of the environmental defence fund and various EDF campaigns, details about catch-share and catch-share lawsuits throughout the world, and creates a human background story to some of thr largest legal actions in the world of corporete fishing. It's an excellent book that I reccomended to anyone interested in more than a veiled idea of what is on your dinnerplate.

The biggest take-away for me from this book is summed up in the line, "consumers shouldn't have to buy sustainability from Wall Street or choose between the environment and their fisherman.” Truly, the public needs to have a stronger role. We need as a society to understand where our food comes from, who labours in the harvesting of it and what environmental factors are impacted. Without this holistic approach, including understanding the inevitable politics at play, decisions about our food chain will be made in boardrooms far, far from our table.

Lee, V. der V. (2016). The fish market: Inside the big money battle for the ocean and your dinner plate. St. Martin's Press.